On the occasion of the Yemeni Doctor And Pharmacist's Day and under the patronage of the President, Yemeni Doctors and Pharmacists Syndicate held on 1-3 August the first Conference for Health and Technical Administration at the syndicate office. During the conference a number of subjects on health were discussed by a number of physicians, pharmacists, and technicians attending the conference.
Mr. Abdu Rabu Mansour Hadi, Vice President hoped in his opening speech that discussions would help promote health sectors in the country. He highlighted the government's efforts to assist health sector along with the education sector which he described as the basis for change and development. He further called for outlining a specific plan for health insurance in cooperation with general and state institutions.
Discussion in the conference centered on health situation in Yemen, private hospitals, Drug industry, treatment abroad, smuggled drugs, health insurance, environment health, administration corruption in the health sector, mothers, children and youths' health, epidemic diseases, etc.
Dr. Khaled Jaghman, Chairman of Physicians Syndicate stressed the importance of improving doctors' living standards. He said that the syndicate members should have the priority in posts and that the syndicate had formed a team to discuss that matter. He also called for avoiding selfishness among doctors.
Dr. Fadhl Hirab, pharmacist, presented a research paper on Drug Fund supported by the WB which is suggested as an alternative to the medical supply. This means that there will no more be free drugs for patients, he said. He said that the state spent about YRs 700 million on the Ministry of Health and billions on hospitals. He added that drugs distributed to hospitals were of suspected quality and origin. The paper also included a number of recommendations:
1- Health insurance
2- The states should provide drugs for incurable diseases.
Fifty doctors from Aden participated in the conference among whom was Dr. Jubain who wished that health condition would improve. He also hoped that foreign donations were properly exploited.
Dr. Fatima Shafeeq Aman, director of Al-Wahdah Hospital in Aden described the conference as excellent in case its recommendations were translated into actions. She also called for providing medicine for the poor and the needy, improving physicians' condition, distinguishing the Yemeni cadre and organization of nursing courses.
Dr. Abdul Majeed Al-Kholaidy, Chairman of the Syndicate and the conference called for studying the problems carefully to come out with sound health plans. Planning must be based on facts, he said. He added that the Yemeni cadre should be given the chance to do studies and make researches to outline a realistic health policy. He also talked about health insurance and the problem that might face it as a result of the Yemeni Rial drop against foreign currencies. Evaluation of services, improving performance, improving condition of health cadre and equality between Yemenis and foreign physicians are the most important objectives of the conference, he concluded.
Dr. Mansour Abdullah, works in the drug stores hoped to:
1- Right the wrong condition of health sector
2- Benefit from the participants' experience
3- Improving hospitals laboratories.
Dr. Adel Hamed Ja'afar, Chairman of the syndicate, Aden highlighted Yemeni patients' travel abroad for treatment while they can receive the same kind of treatment here. He stressed the importance of organizing courses for doctors and laboratory technicians to acquaint them with what is new in the their fields of specializations.

In certain parts of eastern Africa and southern Arabia, the stimulating properties of the leaves of the Khat bush were probably known before those of coffee (55), and the habit of Khat chewing has been common on those areas for many centuries. The effects of Khat were reported in the literature as early as 1237 by the Arabian physician Naguib Ad Din (87), who proposed the use of Khat for the treatment of depressive states, and by other writers of the same period who reported that it was effective in blunting the sensations of hunger and fatigue (82,87).
Since the Khat leaf rapidly loses it s effect upon wilting, the Khat habit has remained, until recently, endemic to the areas where the plant was grown. During the last decades, however, due to the development of road networks and the availability of air transport, the habit has spread considerably in those regions and to countries where the plant does not grow. Thus, shipments of Khat have even been observed by customs authorities in France, Great Britain, and the United States.
The growing use of Khat has motivated an interest in further knowledge of its active ingredients and their pharmacological effects. A number of studies have therefore been made in an attempt to throw light on these problems. The investigations led to the discovery of the alkaloid (-) cathinone, which is now considered to be the constituent that is mainly responsible for the stimulating properties of Khat leaves. The present review is intended to describe the medical aspects of Khat chewing, to summarize the pharmacological data concerning Khat constituents that have thus far been reported in the literature and to provide some background information.

Khalid Abdalla Bin Wabar
Aden University
Faculty of Education
Every year between August 1-7, the World Breast Feeding is celebrated under different themes, and an opportunity to create awareness about its importance. Few mothers are of course aware that the first feed a baby takes from the mother immediately after birth, is perhaps the most important meal the baby will have.
During the captioned week, programs on awareness of this significant matter will be held for women from different strata of society and also for doctors.
As breast feeding is part and parcel of the Yemeni customs and culture, it is done within the first hour of the baby's birth. The advantage of this, is that the baby gets more colostrum - the thick yellowish milk which contains large quantities of protective substances, rich protein and vitamins A + K, which enhance development of baby's gastrointestinal tract. This is in fact the first immunization of babies, because it has all the essential antibodies that are transferred from mothers to children.
It is worth mentioning that in Wadi Hadhramout in particular and from time immemorial a 4-6 months old child is fed from home-made food, known locally as MAREES which is juggery-like juice extracted from date juices. Artificial food is avoided and totally discouraged.
World-wide estimates indicate that annual infant mortality is mainly due to non-breast feeding from birth onwards. It is therefore recommended to promote widely breast feeding in our society to the above-quoted benefits.

Why do contact lenses make sense?
Contact lenses let you look life in a new way. You will enjoy life and sport with greater freedom and show off your eyes like you once did. And best of all, no one need ever realise that you are wearing them.

100 years to perfect
Contact lenses are not a new invention. They were first worn in the 1880's, when they were hand blown from fine glass. Today's lenses are designed with the aid of computers and made from sophisticated materials. They are comfortable, safe and provide good, clear vision.
Are they difficult to use?
No. Putting in and taking out contact lenses takes just a few seconds once you know how. It soon becomes second nature. You will be taught how to put them in and take them out. Also you will learn how to keep them clean.
What are the types of contact lenses?
There is a wide range of contact lenses to suit every lifestyle.
1. Soft Contact Lenses: it allows the eye to gain oxygen they need, these lenses provide a high level of comfort. Eyes get used to soft lenses almost immediately, which makes them ideal for sports or occasional use. They can be replaced daily, monthly, quarterly or yearly.
2. Gas Permeable Lenses: they take longer to get used but they provide excellent clarity of vision. They are good in certain conditions such as keratoconus (conical cornea).
3. Toric Lenses: astigmatism means the shape of the eye is irregular, causing an image to be distorted. Toric lenses correct astigmatism better than soft lenses.
4. Coloured Soft Lenses: these are soft lenses which enhance the colour of your eyes. They are mainly used to completely change the colour of your eyes and make your eyes appear beautiful.
Which type of contact lens should you choose?
Your eye doctor will advice you according to the requirement of your eyes.
Choosing to wear contact lenses is an important decision. Here are some answers to questions you may ask.
Will I always feel that I am wearing contact lenses?
You will be surprised to discover how comfortable your contact lenses are. Eye naturally react at first to new sensation, but most people quickly forget that they are wearing contact lenses.
Will other people see that I am wearing them?
No. Most wearers say that the major benefit of contact lenses is that they are virtually invisible to others.

What if I lose a lens?
Your eye doctor can order replacement very quickly.
Is there an age limit?
No. Many people from young children to the elderly can wear contact lenses very successfully.
What if I have an astigmatism?
Because contact lenses fit close to the surface of the eye, most astigmatism is automatically corrected by gas permeable lenses.
How quickly will I adapt to contact lenses?
This depends on the type you choose. Your eye doctor will advise you on the most suitable introduction programme for you.
Can I still wear make-up?
YesÉand your contact lenses will help you see better at close distances and you should be able to apply it more easily. If you have sensitive eyes, special make-up for use with contact lenses is available. If possible, choose creams rather than powders, and avoid metallic powders which may cause irritation.
Should I still keep my spectacles?
Yes, it is usually recommended to have an up-to-date pair of glasses Ð just in case your lenses ever get lost or damaged. Also, if your eyes feel tired, changing to spectacles can have a relaxing effect.
Can dusty weather affect my ability to wear contact lenses?
Yes. You should take more care if you are exposed to dust and dirty environment.
What about playing sport?
Soft lenses are best for sport. Besides providing all-round vision, they will not steam up or get knocked off like spectacles.
Can lenses get lost in my eyes?
It is impossible for contact lenses to move behind the eye. But if they ever slip out of place, it is easy to slide them back into position again.

Golden rules:
- Always handle your lenses with clean, smooth hands
- Use cleaning solutions regularly, as recommended by your eye doctor
- Arrange regular aftercare consultations to check the condition of your eyes and contact lenses
- Change your lenses regularly

Routine eye exam by an eye specialist is very important. It is your sight and your eyes need every care they deserve.

Mahfouth A Bamashmus FRCSEd, FRCOphth
Consultant Ophthalmic Surgeon
Ibn-Al-Haitham Clinic
University of Science & Technology, Sana'a
Mentally-Sick People in Taiz, Miserable life
Farook Al-Kamali
Taiz
Taiz city, 250km South of Sana'a, is one of the most densely populated cities in Yemen. Nearly 3 millions live in this governorate. The rapid population growth has been associated with a sharp decline in standard of living. High rate of unemployment and the number of people living below the poverty line are also shooting up, leading to the increase of so many negative phenomena in the society. One such negative phenomenon is the great number of beggars and lunatics who swarm the streets of the city. They are walking the city from dawn to dusk t reflecting a nasty image about the city.
Being a small city, Taiz is now generally referred to as a shelter of lunatics and beggars. In the beginning the idea of conducting a field survey with these lunatics was as strange and frightening as it could be for the hazards that may result. However, it was a real adventure I will never forget.
I started approaching some of them. I talked to them, befriended them and I was amazed with the results. I found most of them have reached to their present state due to some social and family problems that were beyond their ability to bear.
A homeless lunatic, Abdulwahed left his village after being forced by his father to divorce his wife due to some problems between the two families. Divorcing her, he started his long journey of endless despair and loss in the streets.
Abduh's problem was that he was a sex maniac. After raping a girl, he was severely beaten and driven out of the village to start a new life of agony and pain. Again while in town he tried to rape one female student who is in her way to school. However, she was rescued by a passersby who brutally beat him and turned him over to the police.
Saeed, the most miserable, was a hardworking student who used to score the first places in his classes. He passed successfully in his secondary school and was planning to join the Faculty of Medicine. Unfortunately, his father is very poor and could hardly make both ends meet. Saeed was, then, driven out of his house by his father to live homeless as a vagabond. The impact of this horrible experience was very severe on his character that he went out of his senses. He keeps moving from one street to another driveling away about science, philosophy and medicine.
It was obvious that most of these sick people's problems are social and the result of horrible family problems.
What was strange and unfathomable for me was that those lunatics disappear during elections and national days. One could hardly see any one of them in any street. Later, I came to find out that during such occasions they are taken to the Lunatic Center in Taiz.
Yemen Times visited the Center and came to find two centers, one is affiliated to Al-Thawrah Public Hospital, the other to Taiz Security Administration. The center affiliated run by the hospital is used to receive cases sent by the hospital. Such sick people are usually brought by their families and usually stay there for only few days. The center provides them with some medical care. The other center is affiliated to Taiz Security Administration and is used for those lunatics who are accused of assaulting others and those who have no families. The two centers are next to each other. However, there is a big difference between them.
The center affiliated attached to the Hospital is clean and modern. There are two in-patient rooms in the center each with 6 beds. It was strange to see two patients only in the first room and three in the second. The center is located in a nice and quiet place.
Meeting with Dr. Abdulkawi Mukred, he said "The center was built in 1994 by Hail Said Group of companies to treat those who suffer from psychological problems. The center receives cases that are referred from the Psychological Cases Department in the Hospital. We do not keep a continuous record of the cases that come to the center owing to the quick recovery of most cases. Most of the cases are between 20-50 years of age. We also receive some rare old cases."
Regarding the non-existence of an especial department for women he said "There used to be a special department for women in the center. However, due to large number of patients in the other center that is affiliated to Taiz Security Administration, the department was attached to that center. Since that time there has been no department for women in the two centers."As regards the difficulties facing the center, he said "There is a visible deficiency in medicine and nutrition. Most of the patients have to buy medicine from pharmacies outside the hospital."Dr. Mukred advised in-patients should practice sport activities as the center's mission was not only to treat but also to qualify and train patients. He said "Therefore, there should be some technical workshops and yards for practicing sports. We are 6 doctors and 12 nurses in the center. However, we have never been given the incentives so as to work harder."Then we visited the other center. However, after a long boring and tiring investigation by the gate keepers, we were able to get in. The moment I was in I was aghast. I shivered and was, a matter of fact, very frightened by the terrible sight I witnessed. There were many lunatics crowding in the center; some are semi-naked, others completely naked. All are in a real misery that words can never describe. They sleep on torn rugs on the ground. There are no beds in the center.
It was a dumbfounding experience!! I can hardly explain it.
I wondered what our armchair officials and activists of human rights organizations have done to relieve the suffering of these mentally sick people. They keep boasting of being supporters of human rights and respect them. However, all are words and no actions. These 'sick people' are kept in a place that is unfit even for animal habitation. Many questions have actually popped up in my mind including "Why is the center not affiliated to the Ministry of Health? Why is the center in that miserable condition?! I could find no answer.
In the Administration Department we met with Dr. Abdulaziz Al-Asbahi, manager of the center, who is the only doctor in the center. He said "The center was built in 1996 by the International Red Cross, Central Prison and Taiz Security Administration. The center was to shelter the homeless and the accused lunatics. Other cases come to the center by police or the central Prison. There are 60 patients in the center; 12 of whom are accused of murders. Last month they were 151. Generally speaking, 25% of these patients respond positively to treatment, 50% do not and 25% have a slow recovery.
The center receives a commendable assistance from the Red Cross which provides us with 30 volunteers who are working in the center. The Health Office also supplies us with some medicine."
Regarding the difficulties the center faces, Mr. al-Asbahi said "There are many problems that we face including that there is no direct authority which is in charge of the center. No budget is defined for the center. There is only one doctor, a nurse and 30 volunteers from the Red Cross. Besides, there is a deficiency in nutrition and specialized medical services. There are also other deficiencies in clothes and rugs as patients frequently tear them to pieces."Then we went around the center and while we were showed around, some patients came to complain about their situation there, requesting their going back to the Central Prison as the situation there is better.
There is a classroom in which patients are taught the simple alphabets and some simple words. The manager also told us that patients do some exercises on a daily basis.
Trying to take some pictures, we are not allowed by the bullheaded gate keeper who insisted on a permission from the director of the Security Administration. It was a clear signal to cover up the miserable situation of these patients who bear a witness to the flagrant violations of human rights.
To put simply, these mentally sick people are also human beings with rights. It was not their fault to find themselves in such condition. It was something beyond their ability to control. They are sick and the authorities have to treat them. However, the authorities concerned seem to play the role of a bystander. These sick people are either left to roam the streets reflecting a terrible picture of our cities or are kept in the Central Prison or are heaped up in the "Prison" of the Security Administration which makes things worse. These places negatively affect their physical as well as mental conditions. These patients should be given access to medical health centers which are to take the responsibility of treating them. Social Welfare Societies and Boarding Training and Health centers are to be established and to be fully equipped with all medical, nutritious, housing and training services so as to give these people the treatment and the training needed to help them overcome their psychological problems and come back to live a normal life. Heaping them up in these "prisons" is not the solution to the problem and is not the focus of this article. We want to send a message to all the "people in charge" and those supporting human rights to have mercy on these people and lend them a hand in their calamity and misfortune.